1 10 11 https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Via_Felice_and_Sixtus_V_s_Roads_of_Rome/Image_12-1-21_at_5.32_PM.jpg 9865dcbb1a57e1d88e2faf7e160834d6 https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Via_Felice_and_Sixtus_V_s_Roads_of_Rome/IMG_9841.jpg 3d11aa6495bf25f350483d6e6b447253 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Via Felice and Sixtus V's Roads of Rome Description An account of the resource Sixteenth-century Rome had a surprisingly basic and outdated street system. Street traffic consisted primarily of horses, oxen, donkeys, carriages, and carts. Beggars and vendors crowded the streets as pedestrians, with smaller animals such as pigs and sheep scattered around. The roads were often plagued by sewage, overgrown vegetation, and waste. Fishmongers and butchers frequently threw their remains into the streets [1]. Popes before Sixtus all made efforts to address this problem. The bulls of Sixtus IV, Pius IV, and Gregory XIII prohibited the throwing of trash onto the streets, cleaned up overgrown vegetation and obstruction, and required street paving. [1] These reforms cleaned up the city and improved the health of Romans who relied on these streets daily. Pope Sixtus IV was in fact known as the "Urbis Restaurator" for his success with street repair, and he notably enlisted the "Maestri di Strada", a committee dedicated to the upkeep of the streets of Rome [2]. Pope Sixtus V built upon these elementary cleansing-based approaches and differentiated himself by implementing significant organizational reforms to redefine the structure and flow of Rome. Pope Sixtus V combined civic and papal Rome, created fifteen permanent congregation spaces, and increased the number of masters (assigned to take care of the city's structures and channels) from two to fourteen [1]. Sixtus V designed roads and avenues throughout Rome that were especially long and straight. He did this to connect religious landmarks by increasing the fluidity of the city, thereby facilitating the progression of pilgrims from church to church, initiating secular urban development, and cementing his legacy. Pope Sixtus V’s most notable street is the Via Felice, which connected the Trinità dei Monti on the Pincian Hill (which can be found today at the summit of the Spanish Steps) with Santa Maria Maggiore and extended to the Santa Croce in Jerusalem. The Via Felice was never completed, but was intended to continue from the Trinità dei Monti to the Piazza del Popolo. In modern day Rome, the Via Felice is the unison of Via Sistina, Via delle Quattro Fontane, and Via de Pretis. Sixtus V created the Via Felice with the goal of developing the Roman hills and establishing the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore as a focal point of Rome [1]. Some of his other notable arteries are the Via Santa Croce, and Via Panisperna. The Via Santa Croce was opened by Sixtus V and was important for pilgrims as it connected Santa Maria Maggiore with the church of Santa Croce in Jerusalem. The Via Panisperna was also started by Sixtus and connects Santa Maria Maggiore and the Piazza della Colonna Traiana [3]. To further establish his new streets as prominent arteries in the city, Sixtus V granted special privileges to those who built on the new streets, such as exemption from taxes and property confiscation [1]. Sixtus V's innovative urban planning shines through his great attention to detail as he created each of these roads with intention and purpose. Giovanni Francesco Bordini (1536-1609), an ordained priest, published a book of poems that praised the work of Sixtus, and included an engraving of Sixtus V’s plan of the new streets. This system had multiple centers, one for each landmark (i.e. the Lateran Palace, the churches of Santa Croce and the Trinità dei Monti), with the Santa Maria Maggiore serving as the center star for pilgrimage [4]. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [2] Blondin, Jill E. “Power Made Visible: Pope Sixtus IV as ‘Urbis Restaurator’ in Quattrocento Rome.” The Catholic Historical Review 91, no. 1 (2005): 1–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25026778. [3] Burroughs, Charles. “Opacity and Transparence: Networks and Enclaves in the Rome of Sixtus V.” RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, no. 41 (2002): 56–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20167556. [4] Bordini, Giovanni Francesco. De Rebvs Praeclare Gestis a Sixto v. Pon. Max. Io. Francisci Bordini I.C. Et Praesbiteri Ro. Carminvm Liber Primvs. Romae: Zanetti, 1588. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1585-1590 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The Strada Felice (or Via Sistina) stretches 1.6 kilometers. The Via Santa Croce stretched 1.7 kilometers. The Via Panisperna stretches 1.4 miles. Type The nature or genre of the resource Roads Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Rome, Italy https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Addition_to_Apostolic_Palace/Image_12-1-21_at_4.55_PM.jpg c67af84dc7c6110774a10acde949b717 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Addition to Apostolic Palace Description An account of the resource While exploring the Apostolic, or Vatican Palace, it is important to note that it was not actually inhabited by the popes until Pope Innocent III built a papal residence near St. Peter’s in the late twelfth century [1]. The Popes re-established their residency at the Vatican in the fourteenth and fifteenth century following the Great Schism [1]. As the popes came back to reside in the Vatican, their fascinating influence in the city of Rome continued. These popes were the most primary governors of Rome, and all came from different backgrounds with varying interests [2]. The Apostolic Palace was built by a collection of popes, ranging from Sixtus IV (his papacy was 1471-1484) to Gregory XIII (his papacy was 1572-1585) and Sixtus V himself (his papacy was 1585-1590). In fact, many of these popes who constructed the Vatican, or Apostolic Palace also played a role in the lengthy construction process of St. Peter's. Their different opinions and viewpoints are reflected in their unique wings that combine to form the Vatican Palace that we know today. The collections of the Vatican Palace most notably began when Pope Julius II moved the statue of Apollo Belvedere to the Vatican in 1503 [3]. Following the establishments of Sixtus IV’s Sistine Chapel and Gregory XIII’s new wing added to the left of the obelisk, Pope Sixtus V wanted to construct an addition to the Apostolic Palace during his papacy (1585-1590). Sixtus V had Domenico Fontana build a new wing in 1589 to the east of Gregory XIII’s. This wing had a rather simple geometric design, being a large square building and creating the third side of the Cortile di San Damaso courtyard. Sixtus V’s square wing sits nicely alongside Gregory XIII’s and Bramante’s facade. This wing is particularly significant because it has remained the location of the papal residence and the pope’s Sunday blessings to this day [1]. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V and Domenico Fontana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Boorsch, Suzanne. “The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 40, no. 3 (1982): 4–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/3258914. [2] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [3] Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1589 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The Apostolic Palace covers 162,000 square meters. Type The nature or genre of the resource Building Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Apostolic Palace, Vatican City https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Addition_to_Vatican_Library/library.jpeg d90480b5b6cd24a3bc11ed0a98cf9929 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Addition to Vatican Library Description An account of the resource A critical component to Sixtus V’s legacy is his construction of a new Vatican Library [1]. The Vatican libraries date to the 15th century, and grew in significance as the Popes moved from the Lateran Palace to the Vatican. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V sponsored the construction of a new wing across the Cortile del Belvedere [2]. He collaborated with his notable architect Domenico Fontana, who designed the building [3]. His construction of the Vatican Library both adds a new component to his impact through the facilitating of learning and education resources, and also reveals an interesting interpersonal connection with the papacy before him, notably Pope Julius. The specific location of this library was not ideal from a space standpoint. It was cluttered between the large steps and courts, and the south facade felt more cluttered and repetitive as compared to the designs and preferences of Bramante, who constructed the corridors of the Belvedere [3]. Yet, instead of building the library in the spacious west courtyard, Sixtus V chose this location. He did this because even more important the style of the library was the repudiation of what the Cortile del Belvedere had come to symbolize. Julius had a theatre, pleasure gardens, and an overall return to classical ideals, which Sixtus V saw as "pagan" and "inappropriate". Thus, Sixtus V constructed this library to erase Julius's Atrio del Piacere [3]. Sixtus V’s Vatican Library was very impactful both by establishing a new wing to the Vatican’s library construction, and also because the three levels of the Cortile del Belvedere adopted individual identities and purposes as a result. In fact, the court never held another performance like the ones with masses of spectators in the courtyard under Julius [3]. The Vatican Library is especially insightful into Sixtus V’s plans for Rome because not only do they reflect his impressive initiative with construction, but they highlight his desire for a reform in the way religious sites were constructed, specifically with regards to abstinence from “pagan” customs. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domenico Fontana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [2] MACDONALD, ANGUS S. “THE DISASTER IN THE VATICAN LIBRARY.” Scientific American 146, no. 4 (1932): 226–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24965901. [3] Boorsch, Suzanne. “The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 40, no. 3 (1982): 4–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/3258914. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1588 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The Apostolic Palace covers 162,000 square meters. Type The nature or genre of the resource Library Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Apostolic Palace, Vatican City https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Re-claiming_the_Pontine_Marshes/Image_12-1-21_at_2.33_PM.jpg 4b81ddfd7f5f14d063921cb63ba2e1cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Re-claiming the Pontine Marshes Description An account of the resource Pope Sixtus V’s work on reshaping Rome extended beyond its city walls. Sixtus V drained the Pontine Marshes, malarial wetlands, located south of Rome along the Appian way and connecting to the Terracina [1]. The Pontine Marshes are low-lying plains with intersecting canals surrounded by mountains, and after winter floods, the land is very fertile and brings the potential for incredible production as Rome's granary [2]. The Roman emperors continuously tried to claim this land for themselves, but failed due to harsh weather conditions such as flooding. After centuries of failed attempts to reclaim the land, Pope Sixtus came onto the scene in 1585 with the beginning of his papacy and he hired his own engineer, Ascanio Fenizzi, to reclaim this land [2]. They plotted and constructed a subsidiary canal, the Sisto canal, to collect runoff from the mountains and carry it to sea. This was a very innovative design and was impressively executed considering this was a world without automatic pumps [2].Without electricity, moving masses of water was very difficult and costly to maintain [2]. This reclamation is particularly significant because the Pontine Marshes were very fertile and could be very advantageous for grain crops, something that Rome’s growing population desperately needed [1]. This reflects Sixtus V's care and commitment towards helping the poor Romans, and not just the elite. The Pontine marshes provided agriculture and productivity for commoners. In fact, Sixtus V led a victory procession to Terracina after its reclamation [1]. Unfortunately, the Tiber River flood of 1589 undid much of Sixtus V’s work in the Pontine Marshes, and he passed away in 1590 before he could work towards a resolution. Attached is a stamp that reproduces the image on a medal created during Pope Sixtus V’s papacy after his successful reclamation of the Pontine Marshes [3]. Pope Sixtus V’s impact on the city of Rome and its citizens is particularly impressive because he took action outside the city walls as well, a mission that leaders before and after him rarely attempted. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V and Ascanio Fenizzi Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [2] Frost, Ruth Sterling. “The Reclamation of the Pontine Marshes.” Geographical Review 24, no. 4 (1934): 584–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/208848. [3] “15 Lire Draining of Pontine Marshes by Pope Sixtus V Single.” 15 lire Draining of Pontine Marshes by Pope Sixtus V single | National Postal Museum. Accessed December 9, 2021. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_2008.2009.328. [4] Kallis, Aristotle. “The ‘Third Rome’ of Fascism: Demolitions and the Search for a New Urban Syntax.” The Journal of Modern History 84, no. 1 (2012): 40–79. https://doi.org/10.1086/663287. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1585 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 310 square miles Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is land that anyone can see. Type The nature or genre of the resource Marsh land Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pontine Marshes, Lazio, Italy https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Dome_of_St_Peter_s_Basilica/st_peters_dome.jpeg c2fd82f9f3fad9fdd1115f3856318edc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dome of St Peter's Basilica Description An account of the resource After Rome was sacked in 846, the old St Peter’s was continuously refurbished and repaired. Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455) began the first new construction. Nicholas V worked with architect Alberti, who wanted to remake the city with St. Peter’s as its center. The duo dedicated themselves to the site, but no dome was constructed [1]. A half century later, Pope Julius II and the architect Bramante paired up, and Bramante designed an intricate church exhibiting symmetry and a beautiful dome. Bramante died in 1514 and still nothing had been concretely built in regards to the dome [1]. In the mid-sixteenth century, Michelangelo began working on designs for the dome, under Paul III. He simplified the cross designs of Sangallo and Bramante before him. Michelangelo worked on St. Peter’s, particularly the southern facade, but he died in 1564 before any dome was completed. Despite all of the progress through the papacies of Nicholas V and Paul III, St. Peter’s remained virtually unchanged until the papacy of Pope Sixtus V. Sixtus V wanted to further establish St. Peter’s as a hub of Rome, and described the church, which had been without a dome for over twenty years, as resemblant of a “body without a head” [1]. When Pope Sixtus V brought the project into action in 1585, he considered different designs for the dome. Sixtus V approved Giacomo della Porta’s design in 1586, and assigned Domenico Fontana, recently coming off his successful relocation of the obelisk to St. Peter’s, to help him with the task [1]. Della Porta built upon Michelangelo’s design by elongating the dome and giving it a dynamic rising movement that is linked to the Baroque [1]. Construction began in 1588 and the dome required over six hundred workers, and was completed just before Sixtus V passed away [1]. It has the inscription "S. PETRI GLORIAE SIXTUS PP. V.A. MDXC PONTIF. V., or for the glory of Saint Peter, Pope Sixtus the fifth 1590, the fifth year of his pontificate" [2]. The dome was completed the year of Sixtus V's death. The completion of the dome of St. Peter’s is another mark on Pope Sixtus V’s legacy [3]. This is one of the many projects that popes before him attempted but failed to finalize, reflecting Sixtus V’s impressive initiative. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Giacomo Della Porta and Domenico Fontana Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1585-1590 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sources: [1] Boorsch, Suzanne. “The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 40, no. 3 (1982): 4–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/3258914. [2] Ryan, Shirley, Melinda Gades, Melinda, April Flowers, Ruth, Jason P, Paula Bawiec, et al. “St Peters Dome - St Peters Basilica Dome.” Dara McCarthy, January 11, 2021. https://www.daramccarthy.com/st-peters-dome/. [3] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is a structure that anyone can view. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The dome has a height of 390 feet on the interior and 435 feet on the exterior and a diameter of 138 feet. Type The nature or genre of the resource Dome Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Flaminian_Obelisk/flaminian_obelisk.jpeg ffa4b09a77a756e83d342b96e848cd90 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flaminian Obelisk Description An account of the resource The Flaminian Obelisk was originally established by pharaoh Seti I at Heliopolis, around 1300 BC, standing almost 24 meters high and weighing 235 tons. His son Ramses II finished the monument by adding hieroglyphs. Augustus re-erected it in Campus Martius, in the Circus Flaminius [1]. Augustus had the hieroglyphs translated to Greek for propaganda purposes, there is little relation to the original inscription and it instead focuses on his relation to the patron Apollo. Sixtus conducted a search in 1586 and the Aswan granite obelisk was found in 1587 in the Circus Maximus [2]. This obelisk was also broken into three pieces when it was found [3]. Sixtus V decided to place the Flaminian Obelisk in Piazza del Popolo, because it is a centerpiece of one of the city's main roads from which 3 key roads branched off. The damaged part of the obelisk's bottom shaft was removed and placed on a separate pedestal, along with Augustus' inscription [1]. The Flaminian obelisk is actually just the third of four obelisks relocated by Sixtus V. The fourth was moved in the same year (1587) by Sixtus V and reconstructed at the Santa Maria Maggiore, a focal point of Sixtus V’s new Rome. This fourth obelisk is known as the Esquilino obelisk, for its location in the Piazza dell’Esquilino [4]. It marked the basilica, the starting point of the Via Felice, and signaled the entrance to Sixtus V’s Villa Montalto [3]. Pope Sixtus V’s obelisks defined a new Christian urbanism [3]. Rome contained countless ancient monuments and relics, but struggled to abandon its past and develop as a new city. Pope Sixtus played to the strengths of Rome by not abandoning, but rather using its ancient history to revitalize and reshape the city in a more modern light. Pilgrims and visitors were attracted to the city largely due to its history, and they were enamored by the city's religious significance and impressed by Rome’s advancements, all while maintaining appreciation for its old history. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1586-1589 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Sorek, Susan. The Emperors' Needles: Egyptian Obelisks and Rome. Exeter: Bristol Phoenix Press, 2010. [2] Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010. [3] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [4] Nagase, Hiroyuki. “Esquilino Obelisk.” Esquilino obelisk, August 11, 2014. http://www.obelisks.org/en/esquilino.htm. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is a structure that anyone can see. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource This obelisk is 24 meters tall and weighs 235 tons. Type The nature or genre of the resource Egyptian obelisk Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Piazza del Popolo, Rome, Italy https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Lateran_Obelisk/lateran_obelisk.jpeg f0862f208aa39c4bf6ecaa45272c5287 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lateran Obelisk Description An account of the resource The Lateran obelisk is the tallest obelisk in the world, standing at 32 meters and weighing 522 tons [1]. It is made of red granite, potentially from the same quarry that was used for the obelisk in St. Peter's Square [2]. It was the only single obelisk put up in the Karnak Temple but it was removed by Constantine in a plan to be moved to Constantinople. His son Constantius II took it to Rome in A.D. 357 and it was located in the Circus Maximus. Its inscription at the base dedicates the obelisk to the city of Rome [1]. To provide context of this obelisk’s history in Baroque Rome, this item explores the unearthing process of the Lateran obelisk. Following Fontana’s great success with the Vatican obelisk, three other Roman obelisks were transported in hopes of achieving the same effect. The Lateran obelisk had fallen since its ancient history, and Sixtus V ordered a search to find the obelisk. The search was successful, but the obelisk has been broken up into three pieces. They were found close to Circus Maximus in 1587, about 7 meters below the surface. Matteo da Castello led the excavation, which proved very difficult because they hit a cloaca (ancient drain) in the process. Water rose constantly and five hundred men were needed, with three hundred bailing water at all times [3]. Pope Sixtus V hired Domenico Fontana to lead the relocation to the Piazza of San Giovanni in Laterano. This was very difficult because Fontana’s team had to haul the monolith up the Caelian Hill through very narrow streets [3]. After a year, the obelisk was raised on August 3, 1588 in Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano. It has four lions, a scene telling its history, and a cross on top. The crosses were particularly significant because they signify the obelisks’ connection with Sixtus V and the church. The crosses supposedly held off demon and pagan spirits while drawing in pilgrims to celebrate the divine powers [3]. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010. [2] Sorek, Susan. The Emperors' Needles: Egyptian Obelisks and Rome. Exeter: Bristol Phoenix Press, 2010. [3] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [4] “The Lateran Obelisk.” Omeka RSS. Accessed December 2, 2021. http://omeka.wellesley.edu/piranesi-rome/exhibits/show/romanobelisks/the-lateran-obelisk. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1587-1588 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is a structure that anyone can view. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 32 meters and 455 tons Type The nature or genre of the resource Egyptian obelisk Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Piazza di San Giovanni, Rome, Italy Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bibliography Description An account of the resource “Amidst the Crowds in St Peter's Square, Stands Ancient Egypt.” Archaeology Travel, August 26, 2020. https://archaeology-travel.com/street/vatican-obelisk-in-st-peters-square/. Boorsch, Suzanne. “The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 40, no. 3 (1982): 4–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/3258914. Burroughs, Charles. “Opacity and Transparence: Networks and Enclaves in the Rome of Sixtus V.” Res: Anthropology and aesthetics 41 (2002): 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/resv41n1ms20167556. Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010. Dibner, Bern. “Moving the Obelisk.” Scientific American 184, no. 6 (1951): 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0651-58. Freiberg, Jack. “Review: Sixtus V and The Lateran Palace by Corinne Mandel.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, no. 4 (1997): 508–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/991323. Frost, Ruth Sterling. “The Reclamation of the Pontine Marshes.” Geographical Review 24, no. 4 (1934): 584–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/208848. MACDONALD, ANGUS S. “THE DISASTER IN THE VATICAN LIBRARY.” Scientific American 146, no. 4 (1932): 226–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24965901. Marder, Tod A. “Sixtus V and the Quirinal.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 37, no. 4 (1978): 283–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/989245. McClendon, Charles B. “The History of the Site of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.” Perspecta 25 (1989): 32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1567138. “Nova Online | Mysteries of the Nile | a World of Obelisks: Rome.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed December 1, 2021. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/raising/rome.html. “Piazza Di San Giovanni in Laterano (St John the Lateran Square) -Basilica San Giovanni, Scala Sancta, Lateran Palace.” Rome - San Giovanni in Laterano, St John the Lateran Square, Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs), Sancta Sanctorum, Lateran Palace, basilica, Via Merluni, Via Manzone. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.worldtravelimages.net/Rome_Laterano.php. “Stpetersbasilica.org.” St Peter's Basilica Info. Accessed October 14, 2021. http://stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Obelisk/Obelisk.htm. View article: St. Peter's piazza. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://depts.washington.edu/hrome/Authors/minhan/StPetersPiazza/pub_zbarticle_view_printable.html. Sorek, Susan. The Emperors' Needles: Egyptian Obelisks and Rome. Exeter: Bristol Phoenix Press, 2010. Witcombe, Christopher L. “Sixtus V and the Scala Santa.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44, no. 4 (1985): 368–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/990114. https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Pope_Sixtus_V_s_Rebuilding_of_the_Lateran_Palace/lateran.jpeg ff793306288f49cbf71925710b419fef https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/Pope_Sixtus_V_s_Rebuilding_of_the_Lateran_Palace/scala_sancta.jpeg 1e2bb6f2c893a04704208d78a13e0a67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V's Rebuilding of the Lateran Palace Description An account of the resource When Pope Sixtus V was elected to the papacy in 1585, he immediately set out to rebuild the Lateran Palace [1]. Pope Sixtus V consulted with his personal architect, Domenico Fontana, who deemed the Patriarchium Lateranense to be "old buildings” with little worth or use. This was primarily due to earthquakes, fires, and inadequate restorations. The rebuilding of the Patriarchium Lateranense began on June 8, 1585. Pope Sixtus V did not, however, see the need in demolishing and rebuilding the church of San Giovanni [2]. Pope Sixtus V's plans for the Lateran Palace were dynamic and changed multiple times throughout the rebuilding process. Sixtus V's original plan simply involved relocating the Holy Stairs and the two original lateral stairways from their old standing in the Patriarchium to the new location in front of the Sancta Sanctorum. This was expected to be completed by 1587. The actual transferring of the steps did not occur until 1588 [2]. The Palace's staircases were intricately decorated, presumably to showcase the papacy's wealth and resources. The Scala Santa had beautiful scaffolding, as shown in Pietro Martire Felini's woodcut. Sixtus added two staircases, which provided direct access to the small chapels at the top and increased the size and grandeur of the building [2]. The rebuilding of the Lateran Palace was lengthier than expected, and ultimately lasted for the entirety of Pope Sixtus V's reign (1585-1590). Domenico Fontana asserts that this Lateran Palace restoration was the largest conducted in Rome, and the only one led by a single patron [3]. 16th century popes had moved to the Vatican due to the previously ruinous Lateran Palace. Instead of following this trend, Pope Sixtus V took the initiative to take on the temporal, monetary, and physical costs of rebuilding the structure. This item and process demonstrates Sixtus V's visionary character arguably more than any other. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V and Domenico Fontana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Marder, Tod A. “Sixtus V and the Quirinal.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 37, no. 4 (1978): 283–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/989245. [2] Witcombe, Christopher L. “Sixtus V and the Scala Santa.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44, no. 4 (1985): 368–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/990114. [3] Freiberg, Jack. “Review: Sixtus V and The Lateran Palace by Corinne Mandel.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, no. 4 (1997): 508–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/991323. [4] “Piazza Di San Giovanni in Laterano (St John the Lateran Square) -Basilica San Giovanni, Scala Sancta, Lateran Palace.” Rome - San Giovanni in Laterano, St John the Lateran Square, Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs), Sancta Sanctorum, Lateran Palace, basilica, Via Merluni, Via Manzone. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.worldtravelimages.net/Rome_Laterano.php. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1585-June 1590 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The San Giovanni in Laterano is 65 meters by 140 meters. Information on the dimensions of the Lateran Palace was not readily available online or in digital archives. Type The nature or genre of the resource Palace Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Rome, Italy Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is a Palace that anyone can visit. https://www.baroque.dahvc.org/fall-2021/files/original/Pope_Sixtus_V/St._Peter_s_Square_Obelisk/peters_obelisk.jpeg 228acd4e60625f2514c6c4205b50ddd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Sixtus V Description An account of the resource This collection explores the extent to which Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti Montalto) transformed Rome into a Baroque city. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Rome was still very much an ancient city with poor infrastructure. As the sixteenth century came to a close, Rome has undergone immense transformation, with the rebuilding and construction of churches, palaces, roads, aqueducts, and more. Although he was not the only pope involved in this transformation, Pope Sixtus V stands out as a key figure. Sixtus V was nothing short of a visionary, whose body of work highlights his innovative urban planning as head of the Catholic Church (1585-1590). In order to truly evaluate Sixtus V's impact, this exhibit pays note to context. Late sixteenth-century Rome's most powerful figure was its governing pope. Since each pope came from his own family and had unique interests and backgrounds, the changes made during a particular papacy heavily reflect the desires of that particular pope. Thus, this exhibit examines Sixtus V's predecessors and successors. Popes before him such as Sixtus IV, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV, Pius V, and Gregory XIII did not concentrate their efforts on urban design to the extent that Sixtus V did. Although they were focused on important issues such as wars, reformation, enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent, and the education of the clergy, their impact on Rome is not highlighted as much through urban structures and design. Popes after him such as Urban VII (1623-1644) seem to be inspired by Sixtus V, putting more emphasis on art patronage. Sixtus V still impacts Rome today through the lasting impact of his urban planning. This exhibition showcases Sixtus V's design of the city and analyzes his different mediums for reshaping Rome. This exhibit explores Sixtus V's remodeling of the streets, his building of the fountain Fontana Felice, the Lateran Palace, the Dome of Saint Peter's, the Vatican Library, his financing of the Pontine Marshes, and his moving of obelisks into key piazzas and streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource St. Peter's Square Obelisk Description An account of the resource The obelisk was located in Alexandria, Egypt, until 41 C.E. when Emperor Caligula ordered it be transported across the Mediterranean to Rome. It was erected in the Vatican region and remained south of the basilica in front of two ancient cylindrical mausoleums for centuries. The obelisk is a sundial and has four lions resting at the base. Popular legend was that the golden orb at the top contained the ashes of Julius Caesar. However, with the basilica of St Peter’s now built next to it, the obelisk was in a dark corner. Many wanted to relocate the obelisk away from such an obscure location, but moving such a large structure presented many difficulties [1]. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V ordered the transportation of the obelisk to St. Peter's Square, where it would be more visible and mark the victory of the Church over Paganism in a more central location. Pope Sixtus V held a competitive and thorough selection process to determine how the obelisk would be moved, and who would engineer this process. Pope Sixtus V commissioned numerous meetings with up to 500 men from across Italy, each with unique proposals to move the obelisk vertically, horizontally, at a 45 degree angle, etc. Domenico Fontana ultimately impressed Sixtus the most, using models to show how an intricate system of a wooden tower, ropes, and pulleys [2]. Domenico Fontana was selected as the engineer to lead a complex transportation process of "modern technology", involving ropes, pulleys and rollers. Pope Sixtus V surmounted the obelisk with a cross and established a new base for it that read "Behold the Cross of the Lord! Flee adversaries, the Lion of Judah has conquered". The moving of this obelisk was particularly significant because it used ancient materials in a new light, known as interpretatio christiana [3]. It was also an integral part of Pope Sixtus V's urban planning scheme of using obelisks as focal points of a dense and lively network of radiating streets throughout the city [4]. The lasting impact of this obelisk, which transformed St. Peter's Square, exemplifies the Catholic Church's role in sponsoring and positioning the Baroque Art movement in Italy. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Sixtus V and Domenico Fontana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [1] Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [2] Dibner, Bern. “Moving the Obelisk.” Scientific American 184, no. 6 (1951): 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0651-58. [3] McClendon, Charles B. “The History of the Site of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.” Perspecta 25 (1989): 32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1567138. [4] Burroughs, Charles. “Opacity and Transparence: Networks and Enclaves in the Rome of Sixtus V.” Res: Anthropology and aesthetics 41 (2002): 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/resv41n1ms20167556. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pope Sixtus V Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource The obelisk was moved in 1586. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cameron DeChurch Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource This obelisk stands 25.5 meters high and weighs approximately 361 tonnes. Language A language of the resource Latin Type The nature or genre of the resource Obelisk Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant St. Peter's Square, Vatican City (papal enclave of Rome, Italy) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This is a structure that anyone can view.